Hub is a network device that functions to connect several devices in a local network (LAN). Learn the definition, function, how it works, advantages, and disadvantages in this article.
Understanding Hubs
A hub is an Ethernet-based device that functions to connect several devices within a local area network (LAN). Many people often find it challenging to differentiate between a hub and a switch. A hub is generally considered less advanced than a switch. Why? Because its operation is relatively simple and is limited to small-scale networks, such as LANs.
Due to its limited scalability, hubs available on the market are typically priced lower than switches. However, this has contributed to their declining use in modern networks. The primary function of a hub is to receive data from one device and broadcast it to all devices connected to the hub. Hubs operate at the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI reference model.
Essentially, a hub in a computer network acts as a repeater or signal amplifier. When it receives a signal from one device, the hub amplifies the signal and transmits it to all other connected devices. This ensures that all devices on the network receive and can “see” the data sent by any other device.
However, it is important to note that a hub lacks the capability to recognize or manage the MAC (Media Access Control) addresses of connected devices. This means that all data sent to the hub is indiscriminately forwarded to every connected device, regardless of the intended recipient. Consequently, this creates unnecessary traffic and increases the likelihood of collisions within the network.
Hub Function
The primary function of a hub is to connect multiple devices within a local area network (LAN). Below are the main functions of a hub:
- Establishing Physical Connections:
Hubs are used to connect multiple network devices, such as computers, printers, and other peripherals, within a local network. They feature multiple ports for connecting network cables from each device. - Signal Sharing:
A hub receives signals sent by one device and broadcasts them to all connected devices. This enables every device in the network to receive data transmitted by other devices. - Signal Boosting:
Acting as a repeater, a hub amplifies signals before transmitting them to other devices. This ensures the signal received by the destination device maintains sufficient strength.
While hubs are useful for connecting multiple devices, their lack of traffic management capabilities makes them less efficient. As a more advanced alternative, many modern networks now utilize smart switches, which can manage data more effectively.
How the Hub Works
In the OSI Layer, the use of Hub is categorized as layer 1 because it operates on the physical layer. Where The hub is responsible for handling physical signal transmission issues between devices on a network. Below are three main reasons why the hub is categorized as a device operating at the first layer of the OSI model:
- No Use of MAC Addresses
The hub lacks the capability to recognize MAC (Media Access Control) addresses to determine the direction of data transmission. - No Data Processing
The hub functions solely to transmit and forward signals without processing the data being sent. - Signal Repetition
Hubs often act as repeaters to amplify and strengthen information signals, ensuring they are received clearly at their destination.
How Does a Hub Work?
A hub in a computer network serves as a connector and signal transmitter between all connected devices. When devices are linked through a hub, the data signal enters through one of the hub’s ports. The hub then transmits this signal to all other ports, except the port of origin. As a result, all devices on the network receive the signal, even if they are not the intended destination.
However, this broadcasting nature of the hub can lead to data packet collisions and limited bandwidth, as the bandwidth must be shared among devices. These issues can interfere with the data transmission process. To address these challenges, devices like switches or routers are used. These devices allocate separate domains to each port and provide dedicated bandwidth for each connection, ensuring more efficient data delivery.
General Steps of How a Hub Works:
- Signal Reception
The hub receives data signals from connected devices and directs them to all ports except the source port. - Signal Amplification
The hub amplifies the received data signal to maintain sufficient strength. - Signal Transmission
After amplification, the hub sends the signal to all connected devices.
Because hubs broadcast signals indiscriminately to all devices, collisions often occur when multiple devices attempt to send data simultaneously.
Also Read: Computer Architecture
Advantages and Disadvantages of Hubs
Advantages
- Affordable Price
Hubs are generally more cost-effective than switches or other networking devices. - Wide Compatibility
Hubs are compatible with a variety of network devices, including older legacy devices. - Ease of Use
Hubs require no complicated configuration. Simply connect a device to an available hub port to use it.
Disadvantages
- Collision Domain
All devices connected to a hub receive the same data, which can lead to collisions when multiple devices send data simultaneously. - Limited Performance
Frequent collisions can reduce the overall efficiency and speed of the network. - No Filtering
Hubs cannot filter or direct data to specific destination devices, leading to unnecessary data traffic across the network.
Types of Hubs
- Passive Hub
Acts as a simple connectivity point, connecting physical devices without performing any data processing. - Active Hub
Functions as a repeater, amplifying received signals to extend the transmission distance. - Intelligent Hub
Includes network management features, such as traffic monitoring and device identification. - Switching Hub
Often considered synonymous with a switch, this type sends data only to specific destination devices, improving network efficiency.
With advancements in networking technology, the use of switching hubs is becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to better manage network traffic, increase efficiency, and reduce collisions.
Conclusion
The hub is a simple yet essential device in a local area network (LAN). Despite its limitations, such as frequent collisions, it still plays an important role as a device connector. However, with the progression of technology, hubs are gradually being replaced by more advanced switches, which can manage data more efficiently.
For users seeking a cost-effective and easy-to-use networking solution, hubs remain a viable option. If you’re considering the right networking device for your business, take time to learn about the differences between hubs, switches, and other networking equipment to make an informed choice.
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Reference
https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/hub
Author: Hassan Rizky Putra Sailellah | Editor: Meilina Eka Ayuningtyas
